Any single character matches itself, unless it is a meta-character with a special meaning described below.
A series of characters matches that series of characters in the target string, so the pattern “bluh” would match “bluh'' in the target string. Quite simple, eh ?
You can cause characters that normally function as meta-characters or escape sequences to be interpreted literally by 'escaping' them by preceding them with a backslash “\”, for instance: meta-character “^” match beginning of string, but “\^” match character “^”, “\\” match “\” and so on.
Examples:
foobar matches string 'foobar' \^FooBarPtr matches '^FooBarPtr'
Characters may be specified using a escape sequences syntax much like that used in C and Perl: '\n' matches a newline, '\t' a tab, etc. More generally, \xnn, where nn is a string of hexadecimal digits, matches the character whose ASCII value is nn. If You need wide (Unicode) character code, You can use '\x{nnnn}', where 'nnnn' - one or more hexadecimal digits.
\xnn char with hex code nn
\x{nnnn} char with hex code nnnn (one byte for plain text and two bytes for Unicode)
\t tab (HT/TAB), same as \x09
\n newline (NL), same as \x0a
\r car.return (CR), same as \x0d
\f form feed (FF), same as \x0c
\a alarm (bell) (BEL), same as \x07
\e escape (ESC), same as \x1b
Examples:
foo\x20bar matches 'foo bar' (note space in the middle) \tfoobar matches 'foobar' predefined by tab
You can specify a character class, by enclosing a list of characters in [], which will match any one character from the list.
If the first character after the '[' is '^', the class matches any character not in the list.
Examples:
foob[aeiou]r finds strings 'foobar', 'foober' etc. but not 'foobbr', 'foobcr' etc. foob[^aeiou]r find strings 'foobbr', 'foobcr' etc. but not 'foobar', 'foober' etc.
Within a list, the '-' character is used to specify a range, so that a-z represents all characters between 'a' and 'z', inclusive.
If You want '-' itself to be a member of a class, put it at the start or end of the list, or escape it with a backslash. If You want ']' you may place it at the start of list or escape it with a backslash.
Examples:
[-az] matches 'a', 'z' and '-' [az-] matches 'a', 'z' and '-' [a\-z] matches 'a', 'z' and '-' [a-z] matches all twenty six small characters from 'a' to 'z' [\n-\x0D] matches any of #10,#11,#12,#13. [\d-t] matches any digit, '-' or 't'. []-a] matches any char from ']'..'a'.
Meta-characters are special characters which are the essence of Regular Expressions. There are different types of meta-characters, described below.
^ start of line $ end of line \A start of text \Z end of text . any character in line
Examples:
^foobar matches string 'foobar' only if it's at the beginning of line foobar$ matches string 'foobar' only if it's at the end of line ^foobar$ matches string 'foobar' only if it's the only string in line foob.r matches strings like 'foobar', 'foobbr', 'foob1r' and so on
The '^' meta-character by default is only guaranteed to match at the beginning of the input string/text, the '$' meta-character only at the end. Embedded line separators will not be matched by '^' or '$'. You may, however, wish to treat a string as a multi-line buffer, such that the '^' will match after any line separator within the string, and '$' will match before any line separator. You can do this by switching On the modifier /m. The \A and \Z are just like '^' and '$', except that they won't match multiple times when the modifier /m is used, while '^' and '$' will match at every internal line separator.
\w an alphanumeric character (including "_") \W a nonalphanumeric \d a numeric character \D a non-numeric \s any space (same as [ \t\n\r\f]) \S a non space
You may use \w, \d and \s within custom character classes.
Examples:
foob\dr matchs strings like 'foob1r', 'foob6r' and so on but not 'foobar', 'foobbr' and so on foob[\w\s]r matchs strings like 'foobar', 'foob r', 'foobbr' and so on but not 'foob1r', 'foob=r' and so on
\b Match a word boundary \B Match a non-(word boundary)
A word boundary (\b) is a spot between two characters that has a \w on one side of it and a \W on the other side of it (in either order), counting the imaginary characters off the beginning and end of the string as matching a \W.
Any item of a regular expression may be followed by another type of meta-characters - iterators. Using this meta-characters You can specify number of occurrences of previous character, meta-character or subexpression.
* zero or more ("greedy"), similar to {0,}
+ one or more ("greedy"), similar to {1,}
? zero or one ("greedy"), similar to {0,1}
{n} exactly n times ("greedy")
{n,} at least n times ("greedy")
{n,m} at least n but not more than m times ("greedy")
*? zero or more ("non-greedy"), similar to {0,}?
+? one or more ("non-greedy"), similar to {1,}?
?? zero or one ("non-greedy"), similar to {0,1}?
{n}? exactly n times ("non-greedy")
{n,}? at least n times ("non-greedy")
{n,m}? at least n but not more than m times ("non-greedy")
So, digits in curly brackets of the form {n,m}, specify the minimum number of times to match the item n and the maximum m. The form {n} is equivalent to {n,n} and matches exactly n times. The form {n,} matches n or more times. There is no limit to the size of n or m, but large numbers will chew up more memory and slow down r.e. execution.
If a curly bracket occurs in any other context, it is treated as a regular character.
Examples:
foob.*r matches strings like 'foobar', 'foobalkjdflkj9r' and 'foobr'
foob.+r matches strings like 'foobar', 'foobalkjdflkj9r' but not 'foobr'
foob.?r matches strings like 'foobar', 'foobbr' and 'foobr' but not 'foobalkj9r'
fooba{2}r matches the string 'foobaar'
fooba{2,}r matches strings like 'foobaar', 'foobaaar', 'foobaaaar' etc.
fooba{2,3}r matches strings like 'foobaar', or 'foobaaar' but not 'foobaaaar'
A little explanation about “greediness”. “Greedy” takes as many as possible, “non-greedy” takes as few as possible. For example, 'b+' and 'b*' applied to string 'abbbbc' return 'bbbb', 'b+?' returns 'b', 'b*?' returns empty string, 'b{2,3}?' returns 'bb', 'b{2,3}' returns 'bbb'.
You can specify a series of alternatives for a pattern using '|' to separate them, so that fee|fie|foe will match any of 'fee', 'fie', or 'foe' in the target string (as would f(e|i|o)e). The first alternative includes everything from the last pattern delimiter ('(', '[', or the beginning of the pattern) up to the first '|', and the last alternative contains everything from the last '|' to the next pattern delimiter. For this reason, it's common practice to include alternatives in parentheses, to minimize confusion about where they start and end. Alternatives are tried from left to right, so the first alternative found for which the entire expression matches, is the one that is chosen. This means that alternatives are not necessarily greedy. For example: when matching foo|foot against 'barefoot', only the 'foo' part will match, as that is the first alternative tried, and it successfully matches the target string. (This might not seem important, but it is important when you are capturing matched text using parentheses.) Also remember that '|' is interpreted as a literal within square brackets, so if You write [fee|fie|foe] You're really only matching [feio|].
Examples:
foo(bar|foo) matches strings 'foobar' or 'foofoo'.
The bracketing construct ( … ) may also be used for define r.e. subexpressions.
Subexpressions are numbered based on the left to right order of their opening parenthesis. First subexpression has number '1'.
Examples:
(foobar){8,10} matches strings which contain 8, 9 or 10 instances of the 'foobar'
foob([0-9]|a+)r matches 'foob0r', 'foob1r' , 'foobar', 'foobaar', 'foobaar' etc.
Meta-characters \1 through \9 are interpreted as backreferences. \<n> matches previously matched subexpression #<n>.
Examples:
(.)\1+ matches 'aaaa' and 'cc'. (.+)\1+ also match 'abab' and '123123' (['"]?)(\d+)\1 matches "13" (in double quotes), or '4' (in single quotes) or 77 (without quotes) etc